Mia Brett, legal historian for Editorial Board, has written a fascinating (albeit somewhat disjointed) article linking America’s history of chattel slavery to the anti-abortion movement. It caught my eye because it helps me understand some of the rightwing hatred of Toni Morrison’s Beloved.
The article argues that American Whites have been focused on controlling Black female bodies all the way back to 1662, when Virginia passed a law
that made race and enslavement an inheritable condition through the mother. This law became the basis of the American racialized chattel system of slavery. It also clearly linked racial construction and the continuation of white supremacy to reproduction. Enslaved Black women would produce enslaved Black children while white women would produce free white children. The race of the fathers did not matter.
This law became even more important when importing slaves from Africa became illegal, making Black female reproduction the only way to generate more slaves. Women were sometime raped by their owners, sometimes forced to breed with fellow slaves.
In reaction, Brett notes, abortion became a way for enslaved Black women “to not only control their own reproduction, but also resist the slave system.”
After the Civil War, white supremacists became obsessed with the idea that they would be replaced by people of color (replacement theory), an obsession that continues today with figures like Fox’s Tucker Carlson. As a result, such people did not want white women aborting pregnancies and, through miscegenation laws, they tried to ensure that those babies were not of mixed race.
Obsession with Black reproduction also was to surface amongst such people as Ronald Reagan, who attacked “welfare queens” for supposedly having babies just so they could collect checks. I have personal knowledge of how, in the 1970s, even Minnesota Democrats (I suspect they’re now Trump supporters) were calling for the forced sterilization of urban Black women.
There’s an apparent contradiction here, however. You’d think that conservatives would be for abortions in this case. And in fact, abortion was not a big deal with mainstream conservatives at the time. That’s why Row v Wade passed the Supreme Court fairly easily with a 7-2 vote.
I can also report that my conservative aunt and uncle were, at the time, strong supporters of Planned Parenthood. Thinking back, I now suspect it was because they wanted to control Black reproduction—just as, at the time, Black Panthers brandishing firearms prompted many conservatives to support meaningful gun control.
All that has changed, of course. Now the right is united against abortion, including Black abortion. But even when people have changed their positions, the underlying obsession with controlling women’s bodies has remained the same. This may explain why Beloved gets attacked.
At first glance, it just seems that many Whites don’t want controversial novels about race. But there are other controversial books about race on the AP list, most notably Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man and Richard Wright’s Native Son. In the latter, a Black man inadvertently smothers a white woman and then cuts off her head so that he can stuff her body in a furnace. I haven’t heard many calls for that book to be banned.
What may most disturb White readers of Beloved is not the vicious whipping of a pregnant Sethe but the scene where the nephews of her slave master suckle her. “They stole my milk,” she reports years later to the man who loves her. The lashing occurs after she reports the act to her mistress, the slave master’s sister.
One can see why the nephews would take her milk. Their uncle is a grim sadist with no softness, and some deep part of them longs for mother tenderness. And because of the dynamics of slavery, they can force Sethe to mother them. Obsessed with Black fertility, they demand it for themselves.
After she escapes, Sethe doesn’t have an abortion but she takes the next logical step: to keep her family from being taken back into slavery, she kills her new-born daughter and tries to kill her other children. There’s a terrible logic to the act: she exercises the only power she has to fight back against a hideous institution. In one way, the act saves her—she is so obviously mad that her master doesn’t reclaim her—but the daughter (named Beloved) comes back to haunt her for decades.
In other words, Sethe rebels against a system that uses her fertility against her. No wonder the right has turned the novel into a cause celebre.
The horrendous tornadoes that hit Kentucky and adjoining states over the weekend are only the latest warnings we have received about the perils of climate change, causing me to turn to the Book of Revelations. Or rather, I turn to an allusion to John’s apocalyptic work that appears in an apocalyptic Advent poem by my nature-loving father. The poem has some local references as well as religious allusions, which I’ll go into after the poem:
Mountain Lion By Scott Bates
Herman Gudger had just shot a three-pronged buck Down in Lost Cove last December when he happened to glance up And there on the rim of the bluff above him
On a rock ledge watching him intently and slowly Waving his tail stood a mountin lion Herman was so startled he forgot he had a gun
And besides he said later he Wouldn’t of shot him noway He knew cougars was mighty scarce these days
The mountain lion turned and loped off into the woods Herman generally drinks a good deal Saturday night And goes to meeting Sunday at the Jump-Off Baptist Church
THE LION OF JUDAH WILL BE A DEVOURER OF NATIONS
HE WILL COME TO JUDGE THE QUICK AND THE DEAD
Out of Egypt In the senescence of the year Came Jesus ben Panthera
Jump-Off Baptist Church is an actual church, located two miles from our home. We are also walking distance from a bluff that overlooks Lost Cove, recently acquired by the University of the South so that it could preserve the old growth forest found there. Herman Gudger was, I believe, a local mountain man. We see white-tailed deer daily and, while I’ve never seen a mountain lion in the vicinity, my mother did once.
Now to the poem’s other allusions. Jesus, descended from Judah’s line, was seen by early Christians to be “the lion of Judah,” who would come at judgment day to judge the living and the dead. He would come at a dark time (thus the Advent symbolism), and legend had it that, like Moses, he would come out of Egypt. The early anti-Christian writer Celsus, however, claimed that Jesus was not fully Jewish but actually the son of a Roman centurion named Panthera, calling him “Jesus ben [son of] Panthera.” My father, playing with the pun, connects Panthera to the Lion of Judah to Herman Gudger’s mountain lion.
The poem’s local references take on new meaning in the context of my father’s poem. Jump-Off Church already has apocalyptic associations—we jump off this vail of tears into eternity—and Herman is a sinner who drinks on Saturdays but seeks forgiveness and redemption on Sundays. His meeting with the divine, however, comes in the form of a mountain lion, which he encounters while spiritually lost (he’s in Lost Cove). It’s not clear whether Gudger is legally hunting, but the lion appears in the poem as a judgment on how humans are treating nature. Herman, to his credit, at least acknowledges that he has come face to face with something transcendent.
As such, he stands in dramatic contrast to the hunters D. H. Lawrence meets in his own “Mountain Lion” poem. In this one, the hunters have in fact killed a mountain lion, triggering Lawrence’s contempt for foolish humans as well as sorrow for the animal:
_Qué tiene, amigo? León_– He smiles, foolishly, as if he were caught doing wrong. And we smile, foolishly, as if we didn’t know. He is quite gentle and dark-faced. It is a mountain lion, A long, long slim cat, yellow like a lioness. Dead. He trapped her this morning, he says, smiling foolishly. Lift up her face, Her round, bright face, bright as frost. Her round, fine-fashioned head, with two dead ears; And stripes in the brilliant frost of her face, sharp, fine dark rays, Dark, keen, fine rays in the brilliant frost of her face. Beautiful dead eyes.
Lawrence is so furious that he wants the hunters—and all humans who are like them—dead:
And I think in this empty world there was room for me and a mountain lion. And I think in the world beyond, how easily we might spare a million or two of humans And never miss them. Yet what a gap in the world, the missing white frost face of that slim yellow mountain lion!
I can think of one other mountain lion reference in literature, this one in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony. There a mountain lion saves the protagonist from imprisonment, leading off his captors and so allowing Tayo to escape and complete his mission. Earlier, the mountain lion has come upon Tayo at a moment of despair when, again, his mission is in peril. The lion’s appearance, then as later, helps Tayo to continue on. It is a mystical moment (as with Herman Gudger) and Tayo offers up a prayer:
The mountain lion came out from a grove of oak trees in the middle of the clearing. He did not walk or leap or run; his motions were like the shimmering of tall grass in the wind. He came across the meadow, moving into the wind. Tayo watched it with his head against the ground, conscious of pine needles tangled in his hair. He waited for the mare to shy away from the yellow form that moved toward them; but the horse was upwind and did not stir. The eyes caught twin reflections of the moon; the glittering yellow light penetrated his chest and he inhaled suddenly. Relentless motion was the lion’s greatest beauty, moving like mountain clouds with the wind, changing substance and color in rhythm with the contours of the mountain peaks: dark as lava rock, and suddenly as bright as a field of snow. When the mountain lion stopped in front of him, it was not hesitation, but a chance for the moonlight to catch up with him. Tayo got to his knees slowly and held out his hand.
“Mountain lion,” he whispered, “mountain lion, becoming what you are with each breath, your substance changing with the earth and the sky.” The mountain lion blinked his eyes; there was no fear. He gazed at him for another instant and then sniffed the southeast wind before he crossed the stream and disappeared into the trees, his outline lingering like yellow smoke, then suddenly gone.
In all three accounts, the mountain lion provides a way of judging fallen humanity and offering the world hope of redemption. Passing bills to reverse climate change is the least we can do.
And if we fail, the Lion of Judah—Jesus ben Panthera—will condemn us. So will Tayo’s animal guide. Do will Lawrence.
“The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold” in parts of the American south this past weekend, leaving death and destruction in its wake. And unfortunately, God didn’t intervene this time, as God does in Lord Byron’s “The Destruction of Sennacherib.” As a result, Mayfield, Kentucky and other communities in the area suffered devastating tornado damage.
Eight years ago I applied L. Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz to Oklahoma’s horrendous tornadoes, which killed 26 people and injured 212 others. The death toll from the recent tornadoes far surpasses those numbers. Baum drew his own inspiration from the tornadoes that struck the drought-stricken midwest in the 1890s, a condition caused partly by seasonal cycles and partly by poor farming practices. Our own tornadoes are likely caused by climate change as air from an unseasonably warm December hit a cold front.
Sadly, climate change promises more landscapes like the one in which Dorothy grows up:
When Aunt Em came there to live she was a young, pretty wife. The sun and wind had changed her, too. They had taken the sparkle from her eyes and left them a sober gray; they had taken the red from her cheeks and lips, and they were gray also. She was thin and gaunt, and never smiled now. When Dorothy, who was an orphan, first came to her, Aunt Em had been so startled by the child’s laughter that she would scream and press her hand upon her heart whenever Dorothy’s merry voice reached her ears; and she still looked at the little girl with wonder that she could find anything to laugh at.
Uncle Henry never laughed. He worked hard from morning till night and did not know what joy was. He was gray also, from his long beard to his rough boots, and he looked stern and solemn, and rarely spoke.
The tornado strike seems in keeping with the landscape:
From the far north they heard a low wail of the wind, and Uncle Henry and Dorothy could see where the long grass bowed in waves before the coming storm. There now came a sharp whistling in the air from the south, and as they turned their eyes that way they saw ripples in the grass coming from that direction also.
Suddenly Uncle Henry stood up.
“There’s a cyclone coming, Em,” he called to his wife. “I’ll go look after the stock.” Then he ran toward the sheds where the cows and horses were kept.
Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. One glance told her of the danger close at hand.
“Quick, Dorothy!” she screamed. “Run for the cellar!”
Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed, and the girl started to get him. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap door in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. Dorothy caught Toto at last and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room there came a great shriek from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her footing and sat down suddenly upon the floor.
Of course, Dorothy has a far happier ending than that experienced by the citizens of western Kentucky and eastern Tennessee and northern Arkansas. In Oz, according to allegorical readings of the novel, America’s problems get sorted out.
In this reading, which I’ve written about before, the Wicked Witch of the East is the East Coast banks, which were keeping farmers’ mortgages high by insisting on the country retaining the gold standard. As populist presidential candidate Williams Jennings Bryan memorably thundered,
If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.
The Wicked Witch of the West, meanwhile, is the drought conditions. In Baum’s American fairy tale, pioneer woman Dorothy joins arms with agriculture (the scarecrow), industrial workers (the tin woodman) and Bryan (the cowardly lion) to restore America to its former glory.
One must be careful about pushing the allegory too far, but Wizard of Oz starts out very grim until Dorothy, demonstrating America’s fighting can-do spirit, triumphs over adversarial conditions and a conman chief executive to restore the country to its former condition—which is to say, a country that can dream of a better future. When Dorothy returns home, the farmhouse has been rebuilt, Em folds Dorothy in her arms, and Dorothy says, “I’m so glad to be at home again.” For the moment, the darkness that opens the book has lifted.
Now it’s not an economic catastrophe that threatens us but a climate catastrophe. Once again we’re seeing extreme weather events, and while some of them are again happening out west (the West Coast drought and wildfires), every part of the country has been hit. In other words, we have a Wicked Witch of the West-East-North-South. And of course, there’s also the rest of the world.
So let’s rethink the Wizard of Oz as a fairy tale about saving the planet, not just America. Let’s say that the Wicked Witch of the East is the fossil fuel companies and their lobbyists in Washington. Imagine that the climate disasters that are devastating us only stiffen our resolve. Although, for a little while, we are tricked by a conman who ascends to power through hot air, ultimately the various sectors of society unite to defeat the climate destroyers.
Yes, Wizard of Oz was written as a fairy tale. As Baum writes in his forward, “It aspires to being a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heartaches and nightmares are left out.” But fairy tales, as fantasy author Neil Gaiman tells us, can simultaneously be fantastical and true. As he puts it,
Fairy tales are more than true: not because they tell us that dragons exist, but because they tell us that dragons can be beaten.
So imagine that the dragon of climate change, now that we’ve named it, can be beaten. It’s a dream to aspire to.
Gerda melts Kay’s frozen heart in Andersen’s The Snow Queen
Spiritual Sunday
I’ve recently been drawn to Madeleine L’Engle’s Advent poems, including “The winter is cold, is cold.” It’s not only the winter that is cold, the speaker makes clear, but her heart as well. One thing that keeps it frozen is closing it down so it won’t be hurt.
Opening ourselves up to joy is to render ourselves vulnerable. Better, we think, to shrink from the wound and look for happiness that is
We won’t find peace that way, however, given that the peace we desire comes only “when it’s not sought.” In her references to a knight encased in “ancient suits of mail,” L’Engle may be borrowing an image from Adrienne Rich’s “The Knight,” where a man finds himself similarly entrapped.
Therefore, the speaker asks God to help her forget the cold world and reach for God’s warmth, which she characterizes as “purifying fire.” Once she does so, the coldness in her heart will melt so that it will beat once again.
The winter is cold, is cold. All’s spent in keeping warm. Has joy been frozen, too? I blow upon my hands Stiff from the biting wind. My heart beats slow, beats slow. What has become of joy?
If joy’s gone from my heart Then it is closed to You Who made it, gave it life. If I protect myself I’m hiding, Lord, from you. How we defend ourselves In ancient suits of mail!
Protected from the sword, Shrinking from the wound, We look for happiness, Small, safety-seeking, dulled, Selfish, exclusive, in-turned. Elusive, evasive, peace comes Only when it’s not sought.
Help me forget the cold That grips the grasping world. Let me stretch out my hands To purifying fire, Clutching fingers uncurled. Look! Here is the melting joy. My heart beats once again.
Pieter Symonsz Potter, Elijah taken up into Heaven in the Chariot of Fire
Friday
I end the week with a well-known poem about poetry that I used to think was smarmy but now consider magnificent.
Maybe I dismissed Emily Dickinson’s “There is no Frigate like a Book” because I considered it a children’s poem, having encountered it at a very early age.
Later, as a teenager, I associated it with the young and naïve Sandy Dennis in the 1967 film Up the Down Staircase. In a hilarious scene, first-year-teacher Dennis tries teaching the poem to a classroom full of tough, urban kids, who see “frigate” as two words and define it much differently than Dickinson. If Dennis is to survive and flourish in this environment, she must become more street smart, while as a shy 16-year-old my own sense of growing up included rejecting that which is childish.
Now, however, I love the sense of wonder Dickinson expresses in the poem. Books really do take us lands away:
There is no Frigate like a Book To take us Lands away Nor any Coursers like a Page Of prancing Poetry –
This Traverse may the poorest take Without oppress of Toll – How frugal is the Chariot That bears the Human Soul –
Always the contrast is between the humble and the magnificent, with the humble turning in a far more impressive performance. A frigate in full sail may be impressive, and a courser (warhorse) as well. But poems do what poems do and aren’t confined to the wealthy and the proud.
“Bears” is surely a pun—through poetry, the poet bares her soul and through poetry readers discovers theirs. How remarkable that a book, available to anyone who has access to a library, beats out frigates and coursers for magnificence. A book is a chariot, only not an instrument of war this time.
In fact, I suspect the chariot that Dickinson has in mind is Elijah’s fiery chariot, one of the few instances in the Bible of a human being transported directly to heaven. Poetry performs a similar miracle, effortlessly moving us from the earthly to the transcendent.
And having entered the realm of religion, we need to mention Dickinson’s allusion to Jesus, who informed us that the kingdom of God is open to the poorest. No toll demanded.
Meryl Streep as a modern version of Mrs. Dalloway in The Hours
Thursday
Last year (April 26, 2020) I reported on a fascinating Evan Kindley New Yorker article that links Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (1925) to the great 1918-20 flu epidemic. Now Literary Hub has published another account of someone making the link. The difference between the two readings is the difference between how we were experiencing Covid 18 months ago and how we are experiencing it now.
In making his case, Kindley acknowledges that the novel barely mentions the illness, which had struck seven years before. But he points out that Woolf’s mother died of the flu in 1895 and that she herself had dangerous run-ins with it throughout her life, which means that it may operate as a kind of absent presence in the work. Kindley says that the joy Clarissa Dalloway takes in shopping is an assertion of life in the face of death.
His own longing to go out in public during the Covid lockdowns helped him see this. Thus, a line like “she always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day” takes on a whole new meaning. So does Clarissa’s announcement, appearing in the famous opening line, that she (rather than her maid) will go out and buy the flowers for her party. Kindley describes the novel as “the most ecstatic representation of running errands in the Western canon,” and one sees her exhilaration at going out in the following passage. As you read it, think back to how you yourself felt the first time you were able to go to a restaurant or other public venue following quarantine:
And everywhere, though it was still so early, there was a beating, a stirring of galloping ponies, tapping of cricket bats; Lords, Ascot, Ranelagh and all the rest of it; wrapped in the soft mesh of the grey-blue morning air, which, as the day wore on, would unwind them, and set down on their lawns and pitches the bouncing ponies, whose forefeet just struck the ground and up they sprung, the whirling young men, and laughing girls in their transparent muslins who, even now, after dancing all night, were taking their absurd woolly dogs for a run; and even now, at this hour, discreet old dowagers were shooting out in their motor cars on errands of mystery; and the shopkeepers were fidgeting in their windows with their paste and diamonds, their lovely old sea-green brooches in eighteenth-century settings to tempt Americans (but one must economise, not buy things rashly for Elizabeth), and she, too, loving it as she did with an absurd and faithful passion, being part of it, since her people were courtiers once in the time of the Georges, she, too, was going that very night to kindle and illuminate; to give her party. But how strange, on entering the Park, the silence; the mist; the hum; the slow-swimming happy ducks; the pouched birds waddling; and who should be coming along with his back against the Government buildings, most appropriately, carrying a despatch box stamped with the Royal Arms, who but Hugh Whitbread; her old friend Hugh–the admirable Hugh!
Literary Hub’s Colin Dickey, writing a year and a half later, has a related but slightly different take on the novel. It’s caused by the fact that, while the pandemic is not over, an ending appears in sight. From that point of view, Mrs. Dalloway is a post-apocalyptic novel:
For all our love of post-apocalyptic fiction, what Mrs Dalloway offers is a glimpse of a true “dystopian” reality, for Woolf understood that a dystopian future would not look like The Hunger Games or The Road so much as it would the everyday, banal world of Before, shot through now with the dead and their ghosts—where everything is the same but all is changed, changed utterly.
Dickey writes that few books “capture this moment” as well as Mrs. Dalloway, which he describes as “a novel obsessed with the question of how moving on can be possible”:
How can anyone have a party in the wake of the flood? It is a question the novel takes both rhetorically—how dare anyone have a party in such a time—and literally: how might it be possible to do such a thing? It is a novel about a broken, hobbled England, unable to face the wreckage of war and influenza and the death throes of its own empire, where nonetheless the work of the living persists, where, as the character Peter Walsh observes, “life had a way of adding day to day.”
In other words, after something as cataclysmic as a pandemic, we have to look backward and forward at the same time. The novel helps Dickey frame our own contradictory times:
The pandemic is now over—except for those for whom it is not. Healthcare workers, stunned and traumatized by what they’ve seen, and still processing late breaking waves and public indifference. Restaurant workers who saw their colleagues decimated and now face entitled patrons who tip poorly. Those who lost jobs, lost homes, fell behind, fell out. Parents with kids under five. Those with compromised immune systems, for whom the vaccines don’t take. Longhaulers. People whose loved ones have died. People who have died. The pandemic is now over except for those who’ve lost something, which is every one of us.
And yet, the work of living goes on—doggedly, at times obscenely. We have not yet even begun to face the task of what we owe the dead, and we are nonetheless still faced with the question of what we owe the still living. There are birthday parties to plan, quarterly reports due, new books to read, new friends to make. Our faces are still turned toward the past, fixedly contemplating the single catastrophe of the past two years, wreckage upon wreckage, still wanting to wake the dead and make whole what’s been smashed, even as the storm called Progress propels us into the future.
And further on:
We’ve been through so much, seen too much, suffered too much, are still too raw and wounded. The temptation is to stay too long down there, in the wounds and in the depths, but we are not just our wounds, not just our trauma. We are also our longing and aspirations and our regrets, and we assume the shapes we do because we hope in whatever meager way to hold the future and realize it. In each and every exchange, each and every seemingly superficial interaction, lies the potential for the whole of the world, the whole of a life.
Mrs. Dalloway captures these contradictory emotions, which makes Clarissa’s flower shopping seem at once trivial and life-affirming. Likewise, her response to her friend Septimus Smith’s suicide seems at once callous and compassionate, with critics unable to decide which is uppermost:
The French philosopher Paul Ricoeur is among those who see in her response empathy and vindication: “Septimus’s death, understood and in some way shared, gives to the instinctive love that Clarissa holds for life a tone of defiance and of resolution”; Woolf scholar Julia Briggs instead sees callous indifference: Clarissa accepts, she argues, “his death as the sacrifice that enables the party to go on—as if the millions of war deaths have served only to guarantee the continuance of her way of life.”
Dickey vacillates between the two:
Myself, having read Mrs Dalloway some dozen times, each at a different moment in my life, I’ve found room for both readings; times when I only see Clarissa as the superficial society lady, and times when I see a Clarissa whose belief in the vitality of life redeems Septimus Smith’s death.
When I was younger, perhaps, it was easy enough to decide on a single reading. Now, I’m less sure. What I find now, in this world newly and utterly changed, is that when Woolf asks the question, How does one throw a party after the end of the world?, she asks it neither literally nor rhetorically, but with both inflections at once. It is impossible to do such things without seeming callous and indifferent—and yet, we must find a way to do them anyway. To exist after a tragedy is to bear survivor’s guilt and to be unable to shake the ghosts of those we’ve lost and also to nonetheless dream of—and demand—some kind of future for ourselves.
Dickey concludes,
One reads Mrs Dalloway because it asks questions it cannot fully answer, questions that are all the more urgent because they will never have simple or easy answers. That—and also to be reminded that even in the bright and banal surfaces of the world—the bustle of the city, a stand of flowers, a society party—there are clues to the secret pulse of the world, thrumming beneath us and all around us, drawing us ever forward to whatever may come next.
Dickey says that “one does not read Woolf’s novel as a guide on how to live,” but I think he has shown just the opposite. Woolf has shown just how difficult it is to live in the face of trauma and, by her complex response, given us a framework within which to consider our options. We can neither ignore the past (which is still ongoing) nor let it keep us from moving forward. Some days we may lean one way, some days the other. Woolf lets us that this very uncertainty is life.
Four years ago, borrowing an idea from New York Times columnist Frank Bruni, I wrote a blog post comparing Donald Trump to Miss Havisham of Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations. Today I update that post since it is more relevant now than it was in 2017.
Havisham, you’ll recall, is the elderly spinster who can’t get over having been jilted at the altar decades before, becoming permanently embittered. To avenge herself against men, she adopts an orphan girl (Estelle), hoping that she’ll break hearts. Her plan works as Estelle breaks the heart of innocent Pip, the novel’s protagonist.
Bruni compared Trump to Miss Havisham over the way he was continuing, almost a year after he won his election, to obsess over Hillary Clinton:
He’s more or less back to chanting “lock her up,” as if it’s early November all over again. He has frozen the calendar there so that he can perpetually savor the exhilaration of the campaign and permanently evade the drudgery of governing and the ignominy of his failure at it so far.
Nov. 8 is his Groundhog Day, on endless repeat, in a way that pleases and pacifies him. That movie has a co-star, Clinton. If he dwells in it, he dwells with her. He can no more retire her than Miss Havisham, in Great Expectations, could put away her wedding dress. Clinton brings Trump back to the moment before the rose lost its blush and the heartache set in.
The problem with the original Havisham comparison, of course, is that Trump actually won the election. It’s as if Miss Havisham had actually gotten married to Compeyson but remained bitter because… Well, actually that plot wouldn’t make any sense, just as it didn’t make much sense with Trump.
Now, however, the parallel actually works because Trump was indeed jilted by the voters in 2020, one of only three presidents in the past 100 years to be defeated while running for reelection. Now Trump can’t let go of the fact that he lost, even as (as is the case with Havisham) his wedding dress ages, along with the wedding cake. Imagine these as election-night paraphernalia, made up to celebrate a victory that never happened. What Pip sees is both horrific and pathetic:
Whether I should have made out this object so soon if there had been no fine lady sitting at it, I cannot say. In an arm-chair, with an elbow resting on the table and her head leaning on that hand, sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see.
She was dressed in rich materials,—satins, and lace, and silks,—all of white. Her shoes were white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white. Some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and on her hands, and some other jewels lay sparkling on the table. Dresses, less splendid than the dress she wore, and half-packed trunks, were scattered about. She had not quite finished dressing, for she had but one shoe on,—the other was on the table near her hand,—her veil was but half arranged, her watch and chain were not put on, and some lace for her bosom lay with those trinkets, and with her handkerchief, and gloves, and some flowers, and a Prayer-Book all confusedly heaped about the looking-glass.
It was not in the first few moments that I saw all these things, though I saw more of them in the first moments than might be supposed. But I saw that everything within my view which ought to be white, had been white long ago, and had lost its lustre and was faded and yellow. I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes. I saw that the dress had been put upon the rounded figure of a young woman, and that the figure upon which it now hung loose had shrunk to skin and bone. Once, I had been taken to see some ghastly waxwork at the Fair, representing I know not what impossible personage lying in state. Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could.
If it were only Havisham and Trump withering away in permanent bitterness, it would be one thing. However, both find a way to pass their bitterness along to others, with catastrophic consequences. Havisham creates, in Estelle, the hollow shell of a human being, someone with a heart of ice who then makes others suffer. Trump, meanwhile, has created followers, starting with the January 6 insurrectionists but extending now to virtually the entire Republican Party, who either believe his lies or pretend to. These are now consumed with Trump’s own bitterness and are out to break democracy itself.,
In my 2017 column, I urged the GOP to take a lesson from Pip, who must realize that Miss Havisham is not the benefactor he thought she was. (His actual benefactor is an escaped convict.) Only later does he learn that she has taken him in, not to benefit him, but to enroll him in her narcissistic plot: she needs someone on whom Estelle can practice her heartbreaking skills. How many Republicans have been similarly taken in by Trump, thinking that he will benefit them, only to have their great expectations blasted?
In that early column, I hoped that at least some Republicans would realize that pinning their future on Trump was a fool’s errand. In the novel, Pip must break free from his imagined dependence on Havisham and grow up on his own.
Little did I imagine that Trump would just populate the world with little Havishams–or to change texts for just a moment, that Trump would fulfill the dream of the monster in Shakespeare’s Tempest, raping Miranda (democracy in our case) and “peopl[ling] this isle with Calibans.”
But back to Dickens. The difference between Havisham and Trump is that, in the end, she regrets the damage she has caused and asks for forgiveness, whereas I can’t imagine our past president doing anything of the sort. I like to think there’s a possibility that the ice-hearted followers created by Trump will soften, as Estelle does by the end of the book. Pip certainly ends his account optimistically.
Many readers of the novel, however, think that Pip is naïve and that Estelle has been irreparably damaged. As you read the final paragraphs, tell me what you think, both with regard to Pip and Estelle’s future and our own:
“We are friends,” said I, rising and bending over her, as she rose from the bench.
“And will continue friends apart,” said Estella.
I took her hand in mine, and we went out of the ruined place; and, as the morning mists had risen long ago when I first left the forge, so the evening mists were rising now, and in all the broad expanse of tranquil light they showed to me, I saw no shadow of another parting from her.
Optimist that I am, I have always believed Pip and I have always believed in America’s future. Recent events have taken their toll on me, however. Now, I worry we may be stuck forever in the ruined place.
Today is the 80th anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the “day that will live in infamy” and the occasion that brought America into World War II. That war, called by some “the great war” and by documentarist Ken Burns “the worst war” produced some very strange but breakthrough novels, like Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five and Joseph Heller’s Catch 22.
It also shaped my father, who was drafted out of Carleton College early in 1942 and spent time in both France and Germany, crossing over the England Channel two weeks after D Day. He was fortunate that, as an interpreter, he didn’t end up fighting, but he did witness Dachau three days after it was liberated. In fact, one of his jobs when he was stationed in Munich was to take Germans through the concentration camp, both to show them what their country had done and to make sure that they didn’t dismiss it as so much American propaganda.
Like many veterans, my father had no illusions about war. He wrote the following poem after my youngest son Toby—called “Mike” in the poem for the rhyme—asked him about his war experiences for a school project. What emerged in his accounting was the mess that war always is. In that way, he shares a vision with Vonnegut and Heller.
My father always hated that his generation was called “the greatest,” so the title he has given the poem is ironic. Idealizing those who serve, he felt, is always an inducement to more war. When he returned to the States in 1945, he became a proud member of the War Resisters League.
“The Greatest Generation” By Scott Bates
“What was the Second World War like?” I am asked by my youngest grandson, Mike, Who has just remembered that he has To write a paper for his English class And hopes his grandfather will tell him a story Like Private Ryan, full of guts and glory. “That’s easy,” I answer—I am the One Who Was There, the Expert, the Veteran– (Who has read in the paper, by the way, That thousands of vets die every day), “It was boring, mostly,” I say, “and very Gung-ho.” I think. “It was pretty scary. And long. And the longer it got, the more idiotic It seemed.” I stop. “It was patriotic.”
How to tell the kid the exciting news That we survived on sex and booze. And hated the Army and hated the War And hoped They knew what we were fighting for . . . . And I remember my buddy, Mac, Who got shot up in a tank attack, And Sturiano, my closest friend . . .
I recently came across someone mentioning Civil War soldiers carrying around copies of Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables. This sent me to google, where I found a scholarly article by one Vanessa Steinroetter entitled “Soldiers, Readers, and the Reception of Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables in Civil War America” (in the journal Reception: Texts, Readers, Audiences, History). Apparently, the novel was a tremendous hit amongst both Yankee and Confederate troops. Copies were passed around, both in the field and in prison camps. Often there were group readings.
I was intrigued that Confederate soldiers liked the novel given that Hugo was a slavery opponent, but Steinroetter explains that readers just slid around that inconvenient dimension of the novel, focusing on passages more to their liking. It turns out that people feeling oppressed will respond to narratives about oppression, even if they’re also in the business of oppressing others.
The Hugo passage I had most in mind is what happens to Thénardier, one of literature’s most unscrupulous villains. Attempting to blackmail Marius towards the end of novel with news that his father-in-law, Jean Valjean, is a murderer, Thénardier inadvertently reveals that Valjean is actually Marius’s savior. The “murder victim” that Thénardier saw Jean Valjean carry through the sewers was actually Marius himself, unconscious after being wounded from a street battle. In the interchange, Marius learns that Valjean is also innocent of other crimes he had suspected him of, which leads him to reconcile with the old man.
Grateful to the blackmailer for revealing the truth about his father-in-law, Marius rewards him handsomely. And what does the villain do with his new-found wealth? He traffics in slaves:
Two days after the events which we are at this moment narrating, he set out, thanks to Marius’ care, for America under a false name, with his daughter Azelma, furnished with a draft on New York for twenty thousand francs.
The moral wretchedness of Thénardier, the bourgeois who had missed his vocation, was irremediable. He was in America what he had been in Europe. Contact with an evil man sometimes suffices to corrupt a good action and to cause evil things to spring from it. With Marius’ money, Thénardier set up as a slave-dealer.
According to Steinroetter, a few southerners care enough to register objections. In one edition of the novel, she says, the southern publisher excised the passage, along with two mentions of John Brown:
“A few scattered sentences, reflecting on slavery—which the author, with strange inconsistency, has thought fit to introduce into a work written mainly to denounce the European systems of labor as gigantic instruments of tyranny and oppression.” These passages, the editor added, had “not the remotest connection with the characters or the incidents of the novel, and the absence of a few antislavery paragraphs will hardly be complained of by Southern readers.”
The only European system of labor I can recall from the novel is the factory in which Fantine works and which, because it is run by Jean Valjean, is benign. (Fantine is fired, unbeknownst to him, because it is discovered she has had a child out of wedlock.) In other words, it’s a stretch that Hugo is going after European systems of labor. From a slavery apologist, however, the chattel slavery of the south is more humane than the “wage slavery” of the north. When Hugo doesn’t agree, he is accused of a “strange inconsistency.”
Hugo’s other two allusions to the American slave system can’t be explained away any better. Contra the publisher, they are deeply connected to the characters and incidents of the novel. Les Misérables is about tyrannical systems, and the first mention of Brown is in connection with the glorious heritage that the French Revolution, which has inspired fights against tyranny around the world. John Brown’s battle at Harper’s Ferry is included in the list:
[Paris] is superb; it has a prodigious 14th of July, which delivers the globe; it forces all nations to take the oath of tennis; its night of the 4th of August dissolves in three hours a thousand years of feudalism; it makes of its logic the muscle of unanimous will; it multiplies itself under all sorts of forms of the sublime; it fills with its light Washington, Kosciusko, Bolivar, Bozzaris, Riego, Bem, Manin, Lopez, John Brown, Garibaldi; it is everywhere where the future is being lighted up, at Boston in 1779, at the Isle de Léon in 1820, at Pesth in 1848, at Palermo in 1860, it whispers the mighty countersign: Liberty, in the ear of the American abolitionists grouped about the boat at Harper’s Ferry…
To be fair, Washington and “Boston in 1779” occurred before the French Revolution. But otherwise, yes, the French Revolution did have an outsized influence on world history.
The other reference occurs when Marius and his fellow revolutionaries are fighting a doomed street battle against federal troops. Hugo compares them to Brown and calls them sublime:
Even when [such idealists] miscarry, they are worthy of veneration; and it is, perhaps, in failure, that they possess the most majesty. Victory, when it is in accord with progress, merits the applause of the people; but a heroic defeat merits their tender compassion. The one is magnificent, the other sublime. For our own part, we prefer martyrdom to success. John Brown is greater than Washington, and Pisacane is greater than Garibaldi.
Whether they were reading the edited version or not, however, Confederate soldiers found much else to identify with. For instance, Steinroetter cites Brian Temple’s account of how prisoners at a notorious Delaware camp were inspired by the novel to escape. (I believe Jean Valjean pulls off five escapes in the course of the novel.):
Many of the imprisoned Confederate soldiers at the Fort Delaware prison also read Les Misérables, as Brian Temple explains. Since “the prisoners were not allowed to have any books that dealt with military strategy, military history, or geography,” they often had to make do with “books on religious topics and novels” instead. And Hugo’s novel was one of those read by many soldiers at this Union prison.32 Ironically, though, such reading material did not always prove as harmless as the guards hoped, as at least one prison break owed its success in part to Hugo’s novel and its “vivid delineations of the wonderful escapes of Jean Valjean, and of the subterranean passages of the city of Paris.” Paralleling Valjean’s strategy, Kentucky cavalry officer Thomas H. Hines, along with a Confederate general and five others, managed to escape by digging holes in their cells and escaping through the “air chambers.”
I also like Steinroetter’s theory that one prisoner, this one a northerner in the notorious Andersonville prison, identified with Hugo’s excruciating description of the Paris sewers. Here are his diary observations:
[Hugo] justly points out and criticises fallacies and foibles of society; the coarseness, licentiousness and materiality of royalty; suggests economy in correcting customary waste in cities, and in disposing of refuse that goes into the sea which should enrich the soil; contends that such methods of sewage disposal is unsanitary and unjust; illustrates good and bad practices in a way proverbial. The work is not sensational, but philosophical; not a “yarn” but a social teacher.
Steinroetter notes,
One could easily speculate that Northrop’s praises of the novel’s suggested improvements to urban sanitation and waste disposal were influenced by the appalling living conditions at Andersonville.
And then there’s the prisoner who identified with the mistreated child Cosette:
James Parks Caldwell, a Northern-born Confederate held prisoner in an Ohio prison on Johnson’s Island, wrote in his diary on January 15, 1864, that “water carrying is a great bore, and has procured me the Soubriquet of Cosette.” Caldwell, who also refers to one of his friends as “Gavroche,” a street urchin from Hugo’s novel, uses the character of Cosette, who is forced to carry water and perform other menial tasks in the book, as a half-serious stand-in for his own status as a prisoner.
One soldier, the brother of novelist Henry James, reports using the novel to prepare himself for battle.
For instance, the brother of Henry James, Garth Wilkinson “Wilky” James, who served in two Massachusetts regiments, including the 54th, during the war, appears to have sought out the novel’s description of the Battle of Waterloo deliberately in preparation for an upcoming military engagement. As James wrote in a letter sent in the spring of 1863, “Today is Sunday and I’ve been reading Hugo’s account of Waterloo in ‘Les Miserables’ and preparing my mind for something of the same sort. God grant the battle may do as much harm to the Rebels as Waterloo did to the French.” Not only did the French novel strike James as immediately relevant to the Civil War, but his comments show that an American soldier could seek and perhaps find comfort and guidance from parts of a novel during the war.
His last comment is important. To cope with the madness of war, soldiers used the novel to frame their experience in a way that gave it meaning. Otherwise, the experience is just too grim.
One other interesting note: Apparently communal readings of the novel increased a sense of troop solidarity:
[C]ommunal novel reading often helped to create a sense of camaraderie among soldiers. In her memoir, Pickett [wife of Major General Pickett] describes that Les Misérables was quickly integrated into the communal reading practices of the soldiers in her husband’s regiment, who formed groups with a designated reader. Many of them also annotated the copy of the book that they passed around, scribbling notes about their own lives and thoughts in the margins and on the flyleaf that visibly linked the book’s action to their own lived experience. The novel, it seems, had the ability to unite them into actual, not just imagined, reading communities.
I don’t begrudge southern soldiers finding comfort where they can. I’m struck, however, that they could not apply this great novel about human tyranny to their own treatment of African Americans. Versions of the Thénardiers’ treatment of Cosette were happening in plantations across the south but readers apparently refused to see it.
